Kula da shan ruwa ta kwalabe na ruwa mai wayo na kasuwanci

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Yin amfani da ruwa yana da mahimmanci don hana rashin ruwa da rage yawan duwatsun koda.There an trend a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don samar da kayan aiki don saka idanu ruwa ci ta amfani da "smart" kayayyakin irin su smart kwalabe.There akwai da yawa kasuwanci kaifin baki baby kwalabe samuwa, yafi nufin kiwon lafiya-m manya.To zuwa ga saninmu, wadannan kwalabe ba a inganta a cikin wallafe-wallafen.Wannan binciken na kwalabe mai wayo idan aka kwatanta da aiki da kwalban kwalban da aka yi amfani da su. H2OPal, HidrateSpark Karfe, HidrateSpark 3 da Thermos Smart Lid.An rubuta abubuwan da suka faru na ingestion dari a kowace kwalban kuma an bincika su kuma idan aka kwatanta da gaskiyar ƙasa da aka samu daga ma'auni mai mahimmanci. An ƙara inganta kwalabe na HidrateSpark ta hanyar amfani da koma baya na layi saboda suna da daidaitattun ƙididdiga na kuskuren mutum. Thermos Smart Lid ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanci, kamar yadda firikwensin bai wuce duk kwalban ba, yana haifar da asarar bayanai da yawa.
Rashin ruwa yana da matsala mai tsanani saboda yana iya haifar da rikice-rikice masu banƙyama, ciki har da rikice-rikice, faduwa, asibiti, da mutuwa. Ma'auni na shan ruwa yana da mahimmanci, musamman ma a cikin tsofaffi tsofaffi da mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiyar jiki wanda ke shafar tsarin ruwa. Marasa lafiya da ke cikin hadarin sake haifar da dutse suna ba da shawara su cinye ruwa mai yawa.Saboda haka, kula da shan ruwa yana da hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don tabbatar da amfani da ruwa mai yawa a cikin 1. wallafe-wallafen don ƙirƙirar rahotanni na tsarin ko na'urorin da za su iya taimakawa wajen waƙa da sarrafa ruwa. Abin takaici, yawancin waɗannan karatun ba su haifar da samfurin kasuwanci ba.Bottles a kasuwa suna da mahimmanci ga 'yan wasa na wasan motsa jiki ko kuma tsofaffi masu kula da lafiya da ke neman ƙara hydration.A cikin wannan labarin, mun yi nufin sanin ko na kowa, kasuwanci samuwa kwalabe na ruwa ne mai yiwuwa mafita ga masu bincike da kuma aikin kwalabe na ruwa hudu. HidrateSpark 34, HidrateSpark Steel5, H2O Pal6 da Thermos Smart Lid7 kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1. An zaɓi waɗannan kwalabe ne saboda ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun kwalabe guda huɗu waɗanda (1) ke samuwa don siya a Kanada kuma (2) suna da bayanan ƙarar sip da ake samu ta hanyar wayar hannu.
Hotunan kwalabe na kasuwanci da aka tantance: (a) HidrateSpark 34, (b) HidrateSpark Karfe5, (c) H2OPal6, (d) Thermos Smart Lid7. Akwatin da aka dasa ja yana nuna wurin firikwensin.
Daga cikin kwalabe da ke sama, kawai nau'ikan HidrateSpark na baya sun tabbatar da su a cikin bincike8. Binciken ya gano cewa kwalban HidrateSpark daidai ne a cikin 3% na aunawa duka a kan lokacin 24-hour na ruwa. a cikin wasu nazarin don yin waƙa da inganta shan ruwa, amma babu wani takamaiman binciken da ya tabbatar da aikinta2,10.Pletcher et al. An kwatanta siffofin geriatric da bayanan da aka samo a kan layi don kwalabe na kasuwanci da yawa, amma ba su yi wani tabbaci na daidaito ba11.
Duk kwalabe na kasuwanci guda huɗu sun haɗa da aikace-aikacen mallakar kyauta don nunawa da adana abubuwan ciki da aka watsa ta hanyar Bluetooth.The HidrateSpark 3 da Thermos Smart Lid suna da firikwensin a tsakiyar kwalabe, maiyuwa ta amfani da firikwensin capacitive, yayin da HidrateSpark Karfe da H2Opal suna da firikwensin a ƙasa, ta amfani da na'urar firikwensin kaya ko aka nuna a cikin akwatin firikwensin da aka nuna a cikin na'urar firikwensin da aka nuna. Smart Lid, firikwensin ba zai iya isa kasan akwati ba.
Ana gwada kowane kwalban a cikin matakai guda biyu: (1) lokacin tsotsa mai sarrafawa da (2) lokaci mai rai na kyauta.A cikin duka matakai biyu, sakamakon da aka rubuta ta kwalban (samu daga samfurin wayar hannu da aka yi amfani da shi akan Android 11) an kwatanta shi da gaskiyar ƙasa da aka samu ta amfani da sikelin 5 kg (Starfrit Electronic Kitchen Scale 93756) .Dukan kwalabe an daidaita su ta amfani da 1 na girman girman sip0. mL zuwa 100 ml na 10 ml zuwa 100 mL an auna su a cikin bazuwar tsari, 5 ma'auni kowanne, don jimlar ma'auni na 50 a kowace vial. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ba ainihin abubuwan sha ba ne a cikin mutane, amma an zubar da su don yawan adadin kowane sip za a iya sarrafawa mafi kyau. haɗi zuwa kwalban. A lokacin lokacin rayuwa na kyauta, mai amfani yana sha ruwa kyauta daga kwalba a lokacin rana, kuma suna zaɓar nau'i-nau'i daban-daban. Wannan lokaci kuma ya hada da sips 50 a tsawon lokaci, amma ba duka a jere ba. Saboda haka, kowane kwalban yana da bayanan bayanai na jimlar 100 ma'auni.
Don ƙayyade yawan adadin ruwa da kuma tabbatar da isasshen ruwa na yau da kullum, yana da mahimmanci don samun daidaitattun ma'auni na yawan adadin kuzari a cikin yini (24 hours) maimakon kowane sip. Duk da haka, don gano alamun shiga tsakani, kowane sip yana buƙatar samun ƙananan kuskure, kamar yadda aka yi a cikin binciken da Conroy et al. 2. Idan ba a yi rikodin sip ɗin ba ko rubutawa mara kyau, yana da mahimmanci cewa kwalban zai iya daidaita ƙarar a kan rikodi na gaba.Saboda haka, an gyara kuskuren (ƙarar da aka auna - ainihin girman) da hannu. Alal misali, a ce batun ya sha 10 mL kuma kwalban ya ruwaito 0 mL, amma sai batun ya sha 20 mL, daidaitawa 30L da 0L da kwalabe zai zama m.
Shafin 1 ya lissafa ma'auni daban-daban na kowane kwalban la'akari da matakai biyu (100 sips) .Ma'anar kuskuren kashi (MPE) a kowane sip, ma'anar kuskuren kuskure (MAE) a kowane sip, da kuma tara MPE ana ƙididdige su kamar haka:
inda \({S}_{act}^{i}\) da \({S}_{est}^{i}\) su ne ainihin kuma kiyasin cin abincin \({i}_{th}\ ) sip, kuma \(n\) shine jimlar yawan sips. Sip MPE yana duban kuskuren kashi na kowane mutum sip, yayin da MPE na tarawa yana duban kuskuren kashi na tsawon lokaci. Bisa ga sakamakon da ke cikin Tebura 1, H2OPal yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin bayanan da aka rasa, mafi ƙarancin Sip MPE, da mafi ƙasƙanci na MPE. Ma'anar kuskuren ya fi ma'anar kuskuren kuskure (MAE) ya ƙayyade yawan lokacin da aka kwatanta. Ƙarfin kwalban don dawowa daga ma'auni mara kyau a tsawon lokaci yayin rikodin ma'auni na gaba.SIP MAE kuma an haɗa shi a cikin aikace-aikace inda daidaiton kowane sip yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ƙididdige kuskuren kuskure na kowane sip.Cumulative MPE kuma yana auna yadda ma'auni suna daidaitawa a fadin lokaci kuma baya azabtar da sip guda ɗaya.Wani kallo shi ne cewa 4 da aka nuna a cikin kwalban 3 mafi girma a cikin bakin 1 mafi girma. lambobi.
R-squared Pearson correlation coefficients don duk kwalabe kuma an nuna su a cikin Table 1.HidrateSpark 3 yana ba da mafi girman haɗin kai.Ko da yake HidrateSpark 3 yana da wasu bayanan da ba a rasa ba, yawancin su ƙananan bakin (Maƙasudin Bland-Altman a cikin Hoto 2 kuma ya tabbatar da cewa HidrateSpark 3 yana da mafi ƙanƙanta ƙayyadaddun yarjejeniya (LoA) idan aka kwatanta da sauran kwalabe guda uku. LoA yayi nazarin yadda daidaitattun ma'auni da ma'auni suka yarda. Bugu da ƙari, kusan dukkanin ma'auni sun kasance a cikin LoA, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kwalban yana ba da sakamako mai dacewa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2c, wanda ke nufin mafi yawan adadin sifili. An yi la'akari da shi.Haka ne gaskiya ga HidrateSpark Karfe a cikin Hoto 2b, inda mafi yawan kuskuren dabi'u ba su da kyau.Saboda haka, waɗannan kwalabe guda biyu suna samar da MPE mafi girma da kuma tarawa MPE idan aka kwatanta da H2Opal da Thermos Smart Lid, tare da kurakurai da aka rarraba a sama da kasa 0, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 2a,d.
Shirye-shiryen Bland-Altman na (a) H2OPal, (b) HidrateSpark Karfe, (c) HidrateSpark 3 da (d) Thermos Smart Lid. Layin da aka datse yana wakiltar tazarar amincewa a kusa da ma'ana, an ƙididdige shi daga daidaitaccen karkatacciyar hanya a cikin Table 1.
HidrateSpark Karfe da H2OPal suna da daidaitattun daidaitattun daidaito na 20.04 ml da 21.41 ml, bi da bi. Figures 2a,b kuma sun nuna cewa ƙimar HidrateSpark Karfe koyaushe yana billa a kusa da ma'ana, amma gabaɗaya ya kasance a cikin yankin LoA, yayin da H2Opal yana da ƙarin ƙima a waje da matsakaicin ƙayyadaddun Lomo. 35.42 mL, kuma fiye da 10% na ma'auni sun kasance a waje da yankin LoA da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2d. Wannan kwalban ya ba da mafi ƙarancin kuskuren Sip Mean Error da ƙananan ƙananan MPE, duk da samun mafi yawan bayanan da aka rasa da kuma mafi girman daidaitattun daidaito.Thermos SmartLid yana da yawancin rikodin da aka rasa saboda bambaro na firikwensin ba ya haifar da firikwensin bambaro a ƙasa da abun ciki ~ 8 da aka rasa. mL) .Wannan ya kamata ya haifar da rashin ƙima game da shan ruwa; duk da haka, Thermos shi ne kawai kwalban da tabbataccen MPE da Sip Mean Error, yana nuna cewa kwalban ya yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa. Don haka, dalilin da ya sa Thermos 'matsakaicin kuskuren sip ya ragu sosai saboda ma'aunin ya wuce kusan kowane kwalban.Lokacin da waɗannan abubuwan da suka wuce kima suna matsakaita, ciki har da yawancin sips da aka rasa waɗanda ba a rubuta su ba kwata-kwata (ko ). Lissafi, Kuskuren Sip Mean ya zama + 10.38 mL, yana tabbatar da babban ƙima na sip guda ɗaya. Duk da yake wannan yana iya zama alama mai kyau, kwalban ba daidai ba ne a cikin ƙididdiga na mutum ɗaya kuma ba a dogara da shi ba saboda ya ɓace yawancin abubuwan sha. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2d, Thermos SmartLid alama yana ƙara yawan kuskure tare da ƙara girman sip.
Gabaɗaya, H2OPal ya kasance mafi daidaito a kimanta sips a tsawon lokaci, kuma hanyar da ta fi dacewa don auna mafi yawan rikodi.Thermos Smart Lid ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta daidai kuma ya rasa ƙarin sips fiye da sauran kwalabe.Kwallon HidrateSpark 3 yana da daidaitattun ƙimar kuskure, amma an ƙididdige mafi yawan sips wanda ya haifar da rashin aiki a tsawon lokaci.
Ya bayyana cewa kwalban na iya samun wasu raguwa wanda za'a iya biya don amfani da algorithm calibration.Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kwalban HidrateSpark, wanda ke da ƙananan daidaitattun kuskuren kuskure kuma ko da yaushe yana yin la'akari da sip guda ɗaya. An yi amfani da hanyar ƙananan murabba'i (LS) tare da bayanan mataki na 1 yayin da ba tare da duk wani bayanan da ya ɓace don samun diyya da samun ƙima ba. don tantance kuskuren da aka daidaita.Table 2 ya nuna cewa daidaitawa ya inganta kuskuren Sip na kwalabe biyu na HidrateSpark, amma ba H2OPal ko Thermos Smart Lid ba.
A lokacin Phase 1 inda aka yi duk ma'auni, kowane kwalban ya cika sau da yawa, don haka ƙididdiga MAE na iya shafar matakin cika kwalban. Don sanin wannan, kowane kwalban ya kasu kashi uku matakan, babba, matsakaici, da ƙananan, bisa ga jimlar adadin kowane kwalban. Domin ma'auni na Phase 1, an yi gwajin ANOVA na hanya ɗaya don sanin ko matakan sun bambanta sosai a cikin cikakkun nau'o'in 3 na kuskure da kuskuren Stepark. Ba su da bambanci sosai. Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci na iyaka (p An yi gwajin t-tailed guda biyu don kwatanta mataki na 1 da kuskuren 2 na kowane kwalban. Mun sami p> 0.05 ga dukkan kwalabe, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙungiyoyin biyu ba su da bambanci sosai. Duk da haka, an lura cewa kwalabe biyu na HidrateSpark sun rasa adadin rikodi da yawa a mataki na 2. For H2OPal, adadin da aka rasa daidai da rikodin rikodi, yayin da Li ya kasance kusa da 3. ƙananan rikodi da aka rasa (6 vs. 10) .Tun da kwalabe na HidrateSpark duk sun inganta bayan daidaitawa, an kuma yi gwajin t-test bayan calibration. Domin HidrateSpark 3, akwai babban bambanci a cikin kurakurai tsakanin Stage 1 da Stage 2 (p = 0.046) .
Wannan sashe yana ba da haske game da amfani da kwalban da aikace-aikacensa, da kuma sauran bayanan aiki.Yayin da daidaiton kwalban yana da mahimmanci, mahimmancin amfani yana da mahimmanci lokacin zabar kwalban.
HidrateSpark 3 da HidrateSpark Karfe suna sanye da fitilun LED waɗanda ke tunatar da masu amfani da su sha ruwa idan ba su cika burinsu ba kamar yadda aka tsara, ko kuma kunna wasu adadin lokuta a kowace rana (mai amfani da shi ya saita). Hakanan ana iya saita su don walƙiya duk lokacin da mai amfani ya sha.H2OPal da Thermos Smart Lid ba su da ra'ayi na gani don tunatar da masu amfani da su sha ruwa, duk ta yaya masu amfani da wayar hannu za su tunatar da su shan ruwa. app.Yawancin sanarwar kowace rana ana iya keɓance su a cikin aikace-aikacen HidrateSpark da H2OPal.
HidrateSpark 3 da Karfe suna amfani da yanayin layi don jagorantar masu amfani lokacin da za su sha ruwa kuma suna ba da burin da aka ba da shawara na sa'a daya kamata masu amfani su buga a ƙarshen rana.H2OPal da Thermos Smart Lid kawai suna ba da cikakkiyar burin yau da kullum.
Babu wani daga cikin kwalabe guda hudu da ke mayar da hankali ga hydration ga tsofaffi. Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin da kwalabe ke amfani da su don ƙayyade burin cin abinci na yau da kullum ba su samuwa, yana da wuya a ƙayyade ko sun dace da tsofaffi.Mafi yawan waɗannan kwalabe suna da girma da nauyi kuma ba a tsara su don tsofaffi ba. Yin amfani da aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na iya zama mafi kyau ga tsofaffi tsofaffi, ko da yake yana iya zama da amfani ga masu bincike don tattara bayanai daga nesa.
Duk kwalabe ba za su iya tantance ko an cinye ruwan, jefar ko zubar da su ba. Duk kwalabe kuma ana buƙatar a sanya su a saman bayan kowane sip don yin rikodin ci daidai. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana iya rasa abubuwan sha idan ba a saita kwalban ba, musamman lokacin da ake cikawa.
Wani ƙayyadaddun shi ne cewa na'urar tana buƙatar sake haɗawa lokaci-lokaci tare da app don daidaita bayanai.Thermos ya buƙaci a sake haɗa shi a duk lokacin da aka buɗe app, kuma kwalban HidrateSpark sau da yawa yakan yi ƙoƙari don nemo haɗin Bluetooth.H2OPal ya fi sauƙi don sake haɗawa tare da app idan haɗin ya ɓace. Dukkan kwalabe an daidaita su a lokacin da aka fara gwadawa kuma dole ne a sake gwadawa a lokacin gwajin. kwalban da H2OPal dole ne a zubar da su kuma a cika su gaba daya don daidaitawa.
Duk kwalabe ba su da zaɓi don saukewa ko adana bayanai na dogon lokaci. Har ila yau, babu ɗayansu da za a iya isa ga API.
HidrateSpark 3 da H2OPal suna amfani da batir lithium-ion mai maye gurbin, HidrateSpark Karfe da Thermos SmartLid suna amfani da batura masu caji. kwalban a kai a kai.
Akwai dalilai daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya rinjayar zaɓin kwalban mai kaifin baki, musamman ma lokacin da mai amfani ya kasance tsoho.Nauyin nauyi da girman kwalban yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda yake buƙatar sauƙi don amfani da tsofaffi marasa ƙarfi.Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, waɗannan kwalabe ba a keɓance su ga tsofaffi ba.Fara da adadin ruwa a kowace kwalban shima wani factor.Table 3 yana nuna tsayi, nauyi, kwalban ruwa mai arha kuma farashin Li. An yi shi gabaɗaya da filastik mai sauƙi. Hakanan yana riƙe mafi yawan ruwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kwalabe uku. Akasin haka, H2OPal shine mafi tsayi, nauyi kuma mafi tsada a cikin kwalaben bincike.
Commercially samuwa smart kwalabe suna da amfani ga masu bincike saboda babu bukatar prototype sabon na'urorin.Ko da yake akwai da yawa smart water kwalabe samuwa, da ya fi na kowa matsalar shi ne cewa masu amfani ba su da damar yin amfani da bayanai ko raw sigina, da kuma kawai wasu sakamakon da aka nuna a cikin mobile app.There akwai bukatar ci gaba da yadu amfani da kaifin baki kwalban tare da high daidaito da cikakken m bayanai, musamman daya wanda aka kera daga cikin akwatin na OP, wanda aka kera daga cikin tsofaffi guda hudu. mafi ƙasƙanci Sip MPE, tara MPE, da adadin rikodin rikodin da aka rasa.HidrateSpark 3 yana da mafi girman layi, mafi ƙanƙanta daidaitattun daidaito da mafi ƙasƙanci MAE. H2OPal shine zabi na farko. Thermos SmartLid yana da mafi ƙarancin abin dogaro, yana da mafi ƙarancin ɓacin rai, da ƙima da ƙima.
Nazarin ba tare da iyakancewa ba.A cikin al'amuran duniya na ainihi, masu amfani da yawa za su sha daga sauran kwantena, musamman ma zafi mai zafi, kayan shayar da aka saya, da barasa.Aikin gaba ya kamata yayi la'akari da yadda kowane nau'i na nau'i na kwalban ya shafi kurakurai don jagorantar zane-zanen kwalban ruwa mai hankali.
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Bude damar amfani da wannan labarin a ƙarƙashin masu ladabi na Kasa da Kasa, wanda ke ba da lasisin Creative Creativeari, kuma yana ba da lasisin kuɗi na asali, kuma yana ba da lasisin kuɗi na asali, kuma yana ba da lasisin kuɗi na asali da tushe, da kuma wasu kayan aikin da suka dace a kowane irin aiki. Idan ba a haɗa kayan da kirkira Lasisin gama gari na labarin da abin da ake nufi da amfani da ku ba a yarda da doka ko ƙa'ida ba ko wuce wanda aka halatta, kuna buƙatar samun izini kai tsaye daga mai haƙƙin mallaka.Don duba kwafin wannan lasisi, ziyarci http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Cohen, R., Fernie, G., da Roshan Fekr, A. Kula da shan ruwa a cikin kwalabe masu wayo na kasuwanci.Science Rep 12, 4402 (2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08335-5
Ta hanyar ƙaddamar da sharhi, kun yarda ku bi Sharuɗɗanmu da Jagororin Al'umma.Idan kuka ga abun ciki na cin zarafi ko abun ciki wanda bai dace da sharuɗɗanmu ko ƙa'idodinmu ba, da fatan za a yi alama a matsayin bai dace ba.