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Shan ruwa yana da mahimmanci don hana bushewa da rage yawan duwatsun koda.An sami wani yanayi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don haɓaka kayan aikin sa ido kan shan ruwa ta amfani da samfuran "masu wayo" kamar kwalabe masu wayo. Akwai kwalaben jarirai masu kaifin baki da yawa da ake samu, galibi da nufin su Manya masu kula da kiwon lafiya.Don saninmu, waɗannan kwalabe ba su da inganci a cikin wallafe-wallafen.Wannan binciken ya kwatanta aikin da ayyuka na kwalabe na ciyarwa mai kaifin baki guda hudu na kasuwanci.Kwayoyin sune H2OPal, HidrateSpark Karfe, HidrateSpark 3 da Thermos Smart Lid.One An yi rikodin abubuwan shigar da ɗari a kowane kwalban kuma an bincika kuma idan aka kwatanta da gaskiyar ƙasa da aka samu daga ma'auni mai girma. tare da mafi ƙarancin kurakurai na sip a kowane lokaci. An ƙara inganta ƙimar MPE na kwalabe na HidrateSpark ta amfani da juzu'i na layi kamar yadda suke da daidaitattun ƙimar kuskuren mutum. Thermos Smart Lid ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanci, kamar yadda firikwensin bai wuce gaba ɗaya ba. kwalban, yana haifar da asarar bayanai da yawa.
Rashin ruwa yana da matsala mai tsanani saboda yana iya haifar da rikice-rikice masu banƙyama, ciki har da rikice-rikice, faduwa, asibiti, da mutuwa. Ma'auni na shan ruwa yana da mahimmanci, musamman ma a cikin tsofaffi tsofaffi da mutanen da ke da yanayin rashin lafiya wanda ke shafar tsarin ruwa. Ana ba da shawarar samuwar dutse don cinye yawan ruwa mai yawa.Saboda haka, kulawa da shan ruwa hanya ce mai amfani don sanin ko ana ɗaukar isasshen ruwa mai yawa1,2.Akwai yunƙuri da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen don ƙirƙirar rahotanni na tsarin ko na'urori waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa waƙa. da kuma sarrafa shan ruwa. Abin takaici, yawancin waɗannan karatun ba su haifar da samfurin kasuwanci ba. kwalabe a kasuwa sun fi mayar da hankali ga 'yan wasa na wasanni ko kuma tsofaffi masu kula da lafiya suna neman ƙara hydration. A cikin wannan labarin, mun yi nufin sanin ko na kowa. , kwalabe na ruwa na kasuwanci shine mafita mai mahimmanci ga masu bincike da marasa lafiya.Mun kwatanta kwalabe na ruwa na kasuwanci guda hudu dangane da aiki da aiki. an zaɓi su ne saboda suna ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun kwalabe guda huɗu waɗanda (1) ake da su don siya a Kanada kuma (2) suna da bayanan ƙarar sip ta hanyar wayar hannu.
Hotunan kwalabe na kasuwanci da aka tantance: (a) HidrateSpark 34, (b) HidrateSpark Karfe5, (c) H2OPal6, (d) Thermos Smart Lid7. Akwatin da aka dasa ja yana nuna wurin firikwensin.
Daga cikin kwalabe da ke sama, kawai nau'ikan HidrateSpark na baya sun tabbata a cikin bincike8. Binciken ya gano cewa kwalban HidrateSpark daidai ne a cikin 3% na ma'auni na jimlar cin abinci a kan lokacin 24-hour na shan ruwa.HidrateSpark kuma an yi amfani dashi a cikin nazarin asibiti. don saka idanu a cikin marasa lafiya tare da duwatsun koda9.Tun daga wannan lokacin, HidrateSpark ya samar da sababbin kwalabe tare da na'urori masu auna sigina daban-daban.H2OPal an yi amfani da shi a cikin wasu nazarin don yin waƙa da inganta yawan ruwa, amma babu wani takamaiman binciken da ya tabbatar da aikinsa2,10.Pletcher et al. An kwatanta fasalin geriatric da bayanan da ke kan layi don kwalaben kasuwanci da yawa, amma ba su yi wani ingancin ingancinsu ba11.
Duk kwalabe guda huɗu na kasuwanci sun haɗa da aikace-aikacen mallaka na kyauta don nunawa da adana abubuwan da ake watsawa ta hanyar Bluetooth. HidrateSpark 3 da Thermos Smart Lid suna da firikwensin a tsakiyar kwalaben, maiyuwa suna amfani da firikwensin capacitive, yayin da HidrateSpark Karfe da H2Opal suna da firikwensin a kasa, ta amfani da na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi ko na'urar firikwensin matsa lamba. Ana nuna wurin firikwensin a cikin akwatin da aka datse ja a cikin Hoto 1. A cikin Thermos Smart Lid, firikwensin ba zai iya isa kasan akwati ba.
Ana gwada kowane kwalban a cikin matakai biyu: (1) lokacin tsotsa mai sarrafawa da (2) yanayin rayuwa kyauta. gaskiyar ƙasa da aka samu ta amfani da sikelin 5 kg (Starfrit Electronic Kitchen Scale 93756) . Dukkan kwalabe an daidaita su kafin a tattara bayanai ta amfani da app. A cikin Mataki na 1, an auna girman sip daga 10 mL zuwa 100 ml na 10 ml zuwa 100 mL a cikin bazuwar. oda, 5 ma'auni kowanne, don jimlar ma'auni na 50 a kowace vial. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ba ainihin abubuwan sha ba ne a cikin mutane, amma an zubar da su don yawan adadin kowane sip zai iya zama mafi kyau a sarrafa su. A wannan mataki, sake maimaita kwalban idan kuskuren sip ya fi 50 ml, kuma sake sake haɗawa idan app ɗin ya rasa haɗin haɗin bluetooth zuwa kwalban. A lokacin rayuwar kyauta, mai amfani yana sha ruwa kyauta daga kwalban a lokacin rana, kuma suna zaɓar sips daban-daban. Hakanan ya haɗa da sips 50 na tsawon lokaci, amma ba duka a jere ba. Saboda haka, kowace kwalban tana da ma'auni na jimlar 100.
Don ƙayyade yawan adadin ruwa da kuma tabbatar da isasshen ruwa na yau da kullum, yana da mahimmanci don samun daidaitattun ma'auni na yawan adadin kuzari a cikin yini (24 hours) maimakon kowane sip. Duk da haka, don gano alamun sa baki da sauri, kowane sip yana buƙatar samun ƙananan kuskure. kamar yadda aka yi a cikin binciken da Conroy et al. 2. Idan ba a yi rikodin sip ɗin ba ko kuma yin rikodin rashin kyau, yana da mahimmanci cewa kwalban zai iya daidaita ƙarar a kan rikodi na gaba.Saboda haka, an gyara kuskuren (ƙarar da aka auna - ainihin girman) da hannu. Alal misali, a ce batun ya sha 10. mL da kwalban sun ruwaito 0 ml, amma sai batun ya sha 20 ml kuma kwalban ya ba da rahoton jimlar 30 ml, kuskuren da aka gyara zai zama 0 ml.
Shafin 1 ya lissafa ma'auni daban-daban na kowane kwalban la'akari da matakai biyu (100 sips) .Ma'anar kuskuren kashi (MPE) a kowane sip, ma'anar kuskuren kuskure (MAE) a kowane sip, da kuma tara MPE ana ƙididdige su kamar haka:
inda \({S}_{act}^{i}\) da \({S}_{est}^{i}\) su ne ainihin abubuwan da aka kiyasta da kuma qiyasi na \({i}_{th}\) sip, kuma \(n\) shine jimillar adadin sips.\({C}_{act}^{k}\) da \({C}_{est}^{k}\) suna wakiltar yawan ci. na karshe \(k \) sips. Sip MPE yana duban kuskuren kashi na kowane mutum sip, yayin da MPE na tarawa yana duban kuskuren kashi na tsawon lokaci. Bisa ga sakamakon da ke cikin Table 1, H2OPal yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin. batattu records, mafi ƙasƙanci SIP MPE, da mafi ƙasƙanci tara MPE.Ma'ana kuskure ya fi ma'ana cikakken kuskure (MAE) a matsayin kwatanta awo a lokacin da kayyade jimillar ci a kan lokaci.Saboda shi ya kwatanta da ikon da kwalban iya murmurewa daga matalauta ma'auni a kan. Lokacin yin rikodin ma'auni na gaba. SIP MAE kuma an haɗa shi a cikin aikace-aikace inda daidaiton kowane sip yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ƙididdige kuskuren kuskuren kowane sip. Tarin MPE kuma yana auna yadda ma'aunin ya daidaita a cikin lokaci kuma baya azabtar da wani. sip daya.Wani abin lura shine cewa 3 daga cikin kwalabe 4 sun raina yawan yawan adadin da aka nuna a cikin Table 1 tare da lambobi mara kyau.
R-squared Pearson correlation coefficients ga duk kwalabe kuma an nuna su a cikin Table 1.HidrateSpark 3 yana samar da mafi girman haɗin kai.Ko da yake HidrateSpark 3 yana da wasu bayanan da ba a rasa ba, yawancin su ƙananan bakin (Makircin Bland-Altman a cikin Hoto 2 kuma ya tabbatar da cewa HidrateSpark 3 yana da mafi ƙarancin iyaka na yarjejeniya (LoA) idan aka kwatanta da sauran kwalabe guda uku. LoA kewayon, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kwalban yana ba da sakamako mai dacewa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2c. Duk da haka, yawancin dabi'u suna ƙasa da sifili, wanda ke nufin cewa girman sip sau da yawa ba a la'akari da shi ba. Haka yake ga HidrateSpark Karfe a cikin Hoto 2b, inda mafi yawan ƙimar kuskuren ba su da kyau.Saboda haka, waɗannan kwalabe guda biyu suna samar da MPE mafi girma da kuma tarawa MPE idan aka kwatanta da H2Opal da Thermos Smart Lid, tare da kurakurai da aka rarraba a sama da ƙasa 0, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 2a, d.
Shirye-shiryen Bland-Altman na (a) H2OPal, (b) HidrateSpark Karfe, (c) HidrateSpark 3 da (d) Thermos Smart Lid. Layin da aka datse yana wakiltar tazarar amincewa a kusa da ma'ana, an ƙididdige shi daga daidaitaccen karkatacciyar hanya a cikin Table 1.
HidrateSpark Karfe da H2OPal suna da daidaitattun daidaitattun daidaito na 20.04 ml da 21.41 mL, bi da bi. Figures 2a,b kuma suna nuna cewa ƙimar HidrateSpark Karfe koyaushe yana billa a kusa da ma'ana, amma gabaɗaya ya kasance a cikin yankin LoA, yayin da H2Opal yana da ƙarin ƙima. A waje da yankin LoA. Matsakaicin daidaitattun daidaito na Thermos Smart Lid shine 35.42 mL, kuma fiye da 10% na ma'auni sun kasance a waje da yankin LoA da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2d. Wannan kwalban ya ba da mafi ƙarancin Kuskuren Sip Mean da ɗan ƙaramin Tari. MPE, duk da samun mafi yawan bayanan da aka rasa da kuma mafi girman daidaitattun daidaituwa. Thermos SmartLid yana da yawancin rikodin da aka rasa saboda bambaro na firikwensin ba ya wuce zuwa kasan akwati, yana haifar da rikodin rikodin lokacin da abun ciki na ruwa yana ƙasa da sandar firikwensin. ~ 80 ml) .Wannan ya kamata ya haifar da rashin ƙima game da shan ruwa; duk da haka, Thermos shine kawai kwalban da ke da tabbataccen MPE da Kuskuren Sip Mean, yana nuna cewa kwalaben ya wuce kima da shan ruwa. Don haka, dalilin da ya sa matsakaicin matsakaicin sip na Thermos ya yi ƙasa sosai saboda ma'aunin yana da ƙima ga kusan kowane kwalban. matsakaita, ciki har da yawancin sips da aka rasa waɗanda ba a rubuta su kwata-kwata (ko "rashin ƙima"), matsakaicin sakamakon yana daidaitawa. Lokacin da ban da bayanan da aka rasa daga lissafin, Kuskuren Sip Mean ya zama + 10.38 mL, yana tabbatar da babban ƙima na sip ɗaya. Duk da yake wannan yana iya zama alama mai kyau, kwalabe a zahiri ba daidai ba ne a cikin ƙididdiga na sip na mutum kuma ba a dogara ba saboda ya rasa yawancin abubuwan sha. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2d, Thermos SmartLid yana da alama yana ƙara kuskure tare da ƙara girman sip.
Gabaɗaya, H2OPal ya kasance mafi daidaito a kimanta sips akan lokaci, kuma hanyar da ta fi dacewa don auna yawancin rikodi.Thermos Smart Lid ya kasance mafi ƙarancin daidai kuma ya rasa ƙarin sips fiye da sauran kwalabe. HidrateSpark 3 kwalban yana da kuskuren daidaitacce. dabi'u, amma an raina mafi yawan sips wanda ya haifar da rashin aiki na tsawon lokaci.
Ya bayyana cewa kwalban na iya samun wasu ɓarna wanda za'a iya ramawa don amfani da algorithm calibration.Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kwalban HidrateSpark, wanda ke da ƙananan daidaitattun kuskuren kuskure kuma ko da yaushe yana yin la'akari da sip guda ɗaya.A kalla murabba'ai (LS) an yi amfani da hanyar tare da bayanan mataki na 1 yayin da aka cire duk wani bayanan da ya ɓace don samun raguwa da samun ƙima. An yi amfani da ma'auni na sakamakon da aka auna don shan sip da aka auna a mataki na biyu don ƙididdige ainihin ƙimar da kuma ƙayyade kuskuren daidaitawa. Table 2 ya nuna cewa daidaitawa. ya inganta kuskuren ma'anar Sip don kwalabe biyu na HidrateSpark, amma ba H2OPal ko Thermos Smart Lid ba.
A lokacin Mataki na 1 inda aka yi duk ma'auni, kowane kwalban ya cika sau da yawa, don haka ƙididdigan MAE na iya shafar matakin cika kwalban. Don sanin wannan, kowane kwalban ya kasu kashi uku, babba, matsakaici, da ƙananan, bisa la'akari. jimlar adadin kowane kwalban. Don ma'auni na Phase 1, an yi gwajin gwajin ANOVA guda ɗaya don sanin ko matakan sun bambanta sosai a cikin cikakkiyar kuskure. Domin HidrateSpark 3 da Karfe, kurakurai na nau'i uku ba su da bambanci sosai. Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci na iyaka (p An yi gwajin t-teiled guda biyu don kwatanta mataki na 1 da kuskuren 2 na kowane kwalban. Mun sami p> 0.05 ga dukkan kwalabe, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙungiyoyin biyu ba su da bambanci sosai. Duk da haka, an lura cewa kwalabe biyu na HidrateSpark. ya rasa adadin rikodi da yawa a mataki na 2. Domin H2OPal, adadin rikodin da aka rasa ya kusan daidai (2 vs. 3), yayin da na Thermos SmartLid akwai ƙarancin rikodin da aka rasa (6 vs. 10).Tun da kwalabe na HidrateSpark sun kasance. duk sun inganta bayan daidaitawa, an kuma yi gwajin t-test bayan gyaran gyare-gyare. Ga HidrateSpark 3, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin kurakurai tsakanin Stage 1 da Stage 2 (p = 0.046) . Wannan yana iya yiwuwa saboda yawan adadin da aka rasa. a mataki na 2 idan aka kwatanta da mataki na 1.
Wannan sashe yana ba da haske game da amfani da kwalban da aikace-aikacensa, da kuma sauran bayanan aiki.Yayin da daidaiton kwalban yana da mahimmanci, mahimmancin amfani yana da mahimmanci lokacin zabar kwalban.
HidrateSpark 3 da HidrateSpark Karfe suna sanye da fitilun LED waɗanda ke tunatar da masu amfani da su shan ruwa idan ba su cim ma burinsu ba kamar yadda aka tsara, ko kuma kunna wasu adadin lokuta a kowace rana (mai amfani da shi ya saita). duk lokacin da mai amfani ya sha.H2OPal da Thermos Smart Lid ba su da wani ra'ayi na gani don tunatar da masu amfani da su sha ruwa.Duk da haka, duk kwalabe da aka saya suna da sanarwar wayar hannu don tunatar da masu amfani su sha ta hanyar wayar hannu. Yawan sanarwar kowace rana na iya zama musamman a cikin aikace-aikacen HidrateSpark da H2OPal.
HidrateSpark 3 da Karfe suna amfani da yanayin layi don jagorantar masu amfani lokacin da za su sha ruwa kuma suna ba da burin da aka ba da shawara na sa'a guda da ya kamata masu amfani su buga a ƙarshen rana.H2OPal da Thermos Smart Lid kawai suna ba da cikakkiyar burin yau da kullun. ba a haɗa shi da app ta bluetooth ba, za a adana bayanan a gida kuma a daidaita su bayan an haɗa su.
Babu ɗayan kwalabe guda huɗu da ke mayar da hankali kan hydration ga tsofaffi. Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin da kwalabe ke amfani da su don ƙayyade burin cin abinci na yau da kullum ba su samuwa, yana da wuya a tantance ko sun dace da tsofaffi. Yawancin waɗannan kwalabe suna da girma kuma suna da nauyi kuma ba haka ba. wanda aka kera don tsofaffi.Yin amfani da aikace-aikacen wayar hannu kuma bazai dace da tsofaffi ba, kodayake yana iya zama da amfani ga masu bincike su tattara bayanai daga nesa.
Duk kwalabe ba za su iya tantance ko an cinye ruwan, jefar ko zubar da shi ba. Duk kwalabe kuma suna buƙatar a sanya su a saman bayan kowane sip don yin rikodin ci daidai. sake cikawa.
Wani ƙayyadaddun shi ne cewa na'urar tana buƙatar sake haɗawa lokaci-lokaci tare da app don daidaita bayanai.Thermos yana buƙatar sake haɗawa duk lokacin da aka buɗe app, kuma kwalban HidrateSpark sau da yawa yakan yi ƙoƙari don nemo haɗin Bluetooth.H2OPal ya fi sauƙi. don sake haɗawa tare da app idan haɗin ya ɓace. Dukkan kwalabe an daidaita su kafin a fara gwaji kuma dole ne a sake daidaita su aƙalla sau ɗaya yayin aikin.
Duk kwalabe ba su da zaɓi don saukewa ko adana bayanai na dogon lokaci. Har ila yau, babu ɗayansu da za a iya isa ga API.
HidrateSpark 3 da H2OPal suna amfani da batir lithium-ion mai maye gurbin, HidrateSpark Karfe da Thermos SmartLid suna amfani da batura masu caji.Kamar yadda masana'anta suka bayyana, baturin mai caji ya kamata ya wuce makonni 2 akan cikakken caji, duk da haka, dole ne a sake caji kusan mako-mako yayin amfani da shi. Thermos SmartLid mai nauyi. Wannan iyakance ne saboda mutane da yawa ba za su tuna da yin cajin kwalban akai-akai ba.
Akwai dalilai daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya rinjayar zaɓin kwalban mai kaifin baki, musamman ma lokacin da mai amfani ya kasance tsofaffi. Nauyin nauyi da girma na kwalban yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda yake buƙatar sauƙi don amfani da tsofaffi masu rauni.Kamar yadda aka ambata. a baya, waɗannan kwalabe ba su dace da tsofaffi ba. Farashin da adadin ruwa a kowace kwalban kuma wani abu ne.Table 3 yana nuna tsayi, nauyi, yawan ruwa da farashin kowane kwalban.Thermos Smart Lid shine mafi arha kuma mafi sauƙi kamar yadda yake. An yi shi gabaɗaya da filastik mai sauƙi. Hakanan yana riƙe mafi yawan ruwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kwalabe uku. Akasin haka, H2OPal shine mafi tsayi, nauyi kuma mafi tsada a cikin kwalabe na bincike.
kwalabe masu wayo na kasuwanci da ake samu suna da amfani ga masu bincike saboda babu buƙatar yin samfura da sabbin na'urori.Ko da yake akwai kwalaben ruwa masu wayo da yawa, matsalar da aka fi sani da ita ita ce masu amfani ba su da damar yin amfani da bayanan ko sigina mai ɗanɗano, kuma wasu sakamako ne kawai. wanda aka nuna a cikin aikace-aikacen wayar hannu.Akwai buƙatar haɓaka kwalabe mai wayo da aka yi amfani da shi sosai tare da cikakken daidaito da cikakkun bayanai, musamman wanda aka keɓe don tsofaffi. Daga cikin kwalabe huɗu da aka gwada, H2OPal daga cikin akwatin yana da mafi ƙarancin Sip MPE, MPE mai tarawa, da adadin rikodi da aka rasa.HidrateSpark 3 yana da mafi girman layi, mafi ƙarancin daidaitattun daidaito da mafi ƙanƙanta MAE.HidrateSpark Karfe da HidrateSpark 3 kawai ana iya daidaita su da hannu don rage kuskuren Sip ta amfani da hanyar LS. Don ƙarin ingantaccen rikodin sip, HidrateSpark 3 shine kwalaben zabi, yayin da don ƙarin ma'auni masu dacewa a tsawon lokaci, H2OPal shine zaɓi na farko. Thermos SmartLid yana da ƙarancin abin dogara, yana da mafi yawan sips da aka rasa, kuma an ƙirƙira kowane sips.
Nazarin ba tare da iyakancewa ba.A cikin al'amuran duniya na ainihi, masu amfani da yawa za su sha daga sauran kwantena, musamman ma zafi mai zafi, kayan shayar da aka saya, da barasa.Aikin gaba ya kamata yayi la'akari da yadda kowane nau'i na nau'i na kwalban ya shafi kurakurai don jagorantar zanen kwalban ruwa mai hankali. .
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Fallmann, S., Psychoula, I., Chen, L., Chen, F., Doyle, J., Triboan, D. Gaskiya da fahimta: Sa ido kan ayyuka da tattara bayanai a cikin gidaje masu wayo na gaske.A cikin 2017 IEEE SmartWorld Tattaunawar Taro, Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa , Cloud da Babban Ƙididdigar Ƙididdiga , Intanet na Mutane da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (SmartWorld / SCALCOM / UIC / ATC / CBDCom / IOP / SCI), 1-6 (IEEE, 2017).
Pletcher, DA et al.An yi amfani da na'urar shan ruwa mai hulɗa da aka tsara don tsofaffi da marasa lafiya na Alzheimer.A cikin shari'ar da aka yi a kan ɗan adam na IT ga tsofaffi. Social Media, Wasanni, da Taimakon Muhalli (eds Zhou, J. & Salvendy, G.) 444-463 (Bugawa na Duniya na Springer, 2019).
Wannan aikin ya sami goyan bayan Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Kanada (CIHR) Grant Foundation (FDN-148450) .Dr. Fernie ta karɓi kuɗin a matsayin shugabar Creaghan na Rigakafin Iyali da Fasahar Kiwon Lafiya.
Cibiyar Kite, Cibiyar Gyaran Toronto - Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar, Toronto, Kanada
Hankali - RC; Hanyar - RC, AR; Rubutun - Shirye-shiryen Rubutun - RC, AR; Rubutun - Bita da Gyarawa, GF, AR; Kulawa - AR, GF Duk marubutan sun karanta kuma sun yarda da sigar da aka buga.
Yanayin Springer ya kasance tsaka tsaki game da iƙirarin hukunce-hukuncen taswirorin da aka buga da alaƙar hukumomi.
Bude damar amfani da wannan labarin a ƙarƙashin masu ladabi na Kasa da Kasa da Kasa da Kasa, wanda ke ba da izini, Rarraba, da aka karɓa a cikin Mawallafin asali da tushe, yana ba da lasisin Creative , da kuma nuna ko an yi canje-canje. Hotuna ko wasu kayan aiki na ɓangare na uku a cikin wannan labarin an haɗa su a ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons na labarin, sai dai idan an lura da su a cikin ƙididdiga don kayan. lasisin labarin da abin da ake nufi da amfani da ku ba a yarda da doka ko ƙa'ida ba ko wuce wanda aka halatta, kuna buƙatar samun izini kai tsaye daga mai haƙƙin mallaka.Don duba kwafin wannan lasisi, ziyarci http://creativecommons.org/licenses /da/4.0/.
Cohen, R., Fernie, G., da Roshan Fekr, A. Kula da shan ruwa a cikin kwalabe masu wayo na kasuwanci.Science Rep 12, 4402 (2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08335 -5
Ta hanyar ƙaddamar da sharhi, kun yarda ku bi Sharuɗɗanmu da Jagororin Al'umma.Idan kuka ga abun ciki na cin zarafi ko abun ciki wanda bai dace da sharuɗɗanmu ko ƙa'idodinmu ba, da fatan za a yi alama a matsayin bai dace ba.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 29-2022
